Vol 8, No 2 (2025)

Endometrial stromal sarcomas represent a rare but clinically and morphologically significant group of mesenchymal uterine neoplasms. The current WHO classification (2020, 5^th edition) includes four main categories: endometrial stromal nodule, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma. This review summarizes the key stages in the evolution of endometrial stromal sarcomas classification, from early morphology-based approaches to modern molecular-genetic typing. It presents the characteristic morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma and diagnostic criteria for their differential diagnosis. Particular attention is given to the role of chromosomal translocations and gene fusions, including JAZF1-SUZ12, YWHAE-NUTM2A/B, BCOR-ZC3H7B and BCOR-ITD, in the pathogenesis and molecular subclassification of endometrial stromal sarcoma. In light of recent molecular findings, the authors emphasize the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach combining histological evaluation, immunohistochemical marker panels, and molecular testing. This integrated strategy enhances diagnostic accuracy and supports the development of personalized treatment plans. The evolution of endometrial stromal sarcoma classification reflects a global trend toward the shift from phenotypic to genotypic diagnosis in modern oncopathology.

The current modern approach to tongue cancer treatment is to identify individuals with oral lesions at early stages which significantly improves prognosis for the patient. Cytological diagnostic method is a time-saving approach that can be used for patients with localized malignancy

Placental site nodule is a benign well-circumscribed lesion composed of intermediate trophoblast cells within a hyalinized stroma. It occurs in women of reproductive age, typically several months to years after pregnancy, and may clinically present with dysmenorrhea, menometrorrhagia, and infertility. The placental site nodule is a rare but diagnostically significant finding that requires differential diagnosis with other tumor-like lesions and neoplasms.

Clinical cytology is a relatively new part of diagnostic medicine that has gone through a complex path of technical improvement. Rapid evolution of cytology as a part of morphological diagnostics at the end of the last century led to implementation of new innovative technological solutions including liquid-based cytology and immunocytochemistry. These methods became the staple of standard diagnostic algorithms in modern laboratories. The article presents clinical observations demonstrating the possibilities of integrated use of liquid-based and traditional cytology in verification of breast and ovarian pathology. All clinical observations are histologically confirmed and illustrated through microphotographs demonstrating cytomorphological characteristics of both traditional cytology samples and liquid-based samples. Of special interest is the inclusion of immunocytochemical study with a panel of specific markers into one of the diagnostic protocols.

Intrapancreatic accessory spleen is very rare and can imitate a solid malignant tumor. As a rule, surgeons confuse it with a neuroendocrine tumor, and therefore always resect it, but it does not pose any danger to health.