Vol 1, No 2 (2018)

The 2016 World Health Organization classification system for urothelial neoplasia identifies urothelial dysplasia as a premalignant lesion of the urothelium. Pathologic diagnostic criteria of urothelial dysplasia have been improved over in recent years, but low interobserver reproducibility still remains as major drawback. Follow up studies suggest that dysplasia is a marker of urothelial instability and disease progression, which can be seen in 4 % to 19 % of patients thus supporting an active clinicalfollow up in these patients. Differential diagnosis of urothelial dysplasia includes other flat urothelial lesions with atypia. Entities such flat urothelial hyperplasia (renamed as urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential), reactive urothelial atypia and the so called atypia of unknown significance, and urothelial carcinoma in situ, should be considered. In the proper clinical context, morphologic diagnostic features on hematoxylin and eosin stained slides remains as the gold standard in the diagnosis of urothelial dysplasia. In some cases, a panel of immunohistochemical antibodies consisting of cytokeratin 20, p53 and CD44 for diagnosis may result helpful in achieving the right diagnosis. Herein, we present current pathologic diagnostic features and further the clinical significance of urothelial dysplasia. Emphasis is placed on differential diagnosis from other flat urothelial lesions with atypia.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types in women, it affects about 12 % of women worldwide. Tumor staging plays an important role in therapy because it provides both the patient and the doctor with the necessary information on therapy selection, prognosis and optimalpatient management. In 2016, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) issued the new significantly reconsidered 8^th edition of the AJCC classification based on current changes in the understanding of breast cancer biology. Currently, breast cancer is considered to be a group of diseases with different molecular and genetic characteristics (determined through gene expression profiles, immunohistochemical markers by methods of proteomics or next generation sequencing) with different prognostic properties and sensitivities to individual therapies.

This is a draft of guidelines on cytological diagnostics of breast diseases. It contains the classification of cytological material into C1-C5 diagnostic categories and recommendations for fine-needle and core-needle biopsy in breast diseases.